Surveillance Society and the RFID Menace

While looking into whether or not there are any tires left that do not have RFID tags, I found this little gem. The far-reaching ramifications are astounding and horrifying. Below is just the abstract of the patent application:

USPTO Application #: 20060180647
Title: Rfid applications
Abstract: Applications of RFID technology include: RFID Tags on Automobiles in Parking Garages; RFID w/Toothbrushes; RFID Tags For Laundry Settings; RFID Tags Or Labels to Find a Mate; RFID To Identify The Value Of Coins; RFID Tags In The Doctors Office; RFID Tags Or Labels In Game Arcades; RFID With Prisoners; RFID Tags To Identify Soldiers; RFID Labels As Tags To Label Particular Components Of Aircraft or Other Structures; Car, Snowmobile, Boat, Etc. Ignition That Won't Start Without RFID Card; Car seats with RFID reader and memory; Air bags that adjust based on information on RFID; Car that keeps track of GPS info and knows whos driving based on RFID; RFID Smart Closet; Method of taking attendance; RFID on networked desks to monitor the location of individuals; Personal computer reads RFID to log you in and take you to favorite web page, load favorites list, etc.; RFID labels on Files; RFID address label versions of all label and sheet inventions; RFID sports tickets; Combination function invitation and RFID chip to allow admittance; Roll of tape with RFID built in; Schoolbus reads which kids getting on, keeps record; RFID on each car wheel; RFID key to operate common-area laundry; RFID to automatically adjust weights/treadmill settings in gym; RFID w/clothes measurements, save shelf space at store, get proper size; RFID keyring w/car information; Keep track of who's driving around neighborhood; RFID dental implant; RFID Thumbtack; RFID Doorstop; RFID identification of boats or ships at docks; RFID on cups w/specifics of favorite coffee drinks; RFID on bridges with RFID tanks on top of cars, to detect speeding; RFID on studs in a wall and RFID reader that acts as a stud finder; RFID tags or labels inside tires; RFID cards supplied with newspapers or magazines; RFID card that lights up a when the user reaches a particular location; RFID sports ticket w/automatic map generation to seat; RFID card to tell school cafeteria what lunch to prepare for particular student; student desk with slot to receive RFID card, desks on networks together, Central computing system can tell where any particular student is sitting at any given moment within the school; RFID readers on outdoor play equipment; Authentication of Expensive Items With RFID; Paintings or other art work with RFID label to be used to verify the number in a limited series; RFID on sports helmet or uniform; RFID chips in paint; RFID cards issued to airline passengers to identify type of drinks and meals for a particular passenger, etc.; Greeting Cards With RFID; Decorative Tiles With RFID Tags; RFID in Car Washes; and Adaptive Advertising Based on RFID Information. (end of abstract)
Agent: Scott R. Hansen - Irvine, CA, US
Inventor: Scott Robert Hansen
USPTO Applicaton #: 20060180647 - Class: 235375000 (USPTO)
Related Patent Categories: Registers, Systems Controlled By Data Bearing Records
The Patent Description & Claims data below is from USPTO Patent Application 20060180647.

According to high-level managers and CEOs

Organizers of the EPCglobal conference noted that RFID is already pervasive in some industries, including the automotive industry, where many cars and most tires have RFID chips, said Mike Meranda, president of EPCglobal U.S. The retail and pharmaceutical industries are good fits for RFID as well, he said, because both industries want to keep close tabs on their products moving through the supply chain.

It immediately strikes me that a) there are no tires that are manufactured without RFID, and b) we are surrounded with RFID tags and readers. It's really just a quick jump to install reader devices along exits on the highways (soon to become toll roads) to track our movements. And with our new, spiffy National ID (with accompanying RFID tag installed), we'll be tracked that way, too.

Heck, they plan to keep track of "who's driving around the neighborhood" and even put one in my dental implant!

And, according to the rather sterilized and bland description on About.com,

Currently RFID tags are somewhat expensive - as much as 60 cents each, too much to justify widespread use. That cost is expected to drop dramatically, however - perhaps to fractions of a cent once mass production really takes off. This will allow manufacturers to place tags in everything they make even as it is created. Everything that is made will then be capable of being tracked and monitored.

What this means is that pretty soon, you will walk into a store to buy RFID-tagged chicken with RFID-cash while wearing your RFID-tagged jeans. You will then travel in a car with RFID-tagged tires to a picnic with an RFID-tagged grill and eat potato salad made with RFID-tagged vegetables. The government will know every step of your movement - and so will anyone else with an RFID scanner and an interest in what you do with your day.

Lest you think this is just a paranoid delusion, consider what former Federal Reserve Board member and current vice president and general manager of Texas Instruments’ RFID business Julie England has to say about the "internet of things" in an interview for the Federal Reserve Board of Dallas, Texas :

Q: What future applications do you feel have significant possibilities?

A: Once you identify an item, you want to know more about it. We’re convinced that RFID plus sensors for temperature, pressure, time and even location will be the next big thing in little things. Right now, the most broadly used application involving sensors is measuring pressure in tires.

RFID combined with sensors often requires a tag that’s active or semipassive, which means batteries are present. Those applications are going to be slightly more expensive than a passive tag on a box or pallet. When active, RFID tags can relay in real time the pertinent information to a central database, and the benefit for companies is access to that data.

Another combination we’re seeing is RFID plus biometrics, which involves measurements of the human body. That’s already happening in electronic passports in countries outside the U.S.

We need to think about an Internet of things. Just like we’re all connected with our handy cell phones and BlackBerrys, ultimately we’re going to be able to connect things. That’s got a lot of appeal for significant breakthroughs in how companies do business and how they reduce costs.

A big idea being kicked around in the industry is near-field communications, which combines cell phones with the electronic payment systems the credit card companies are now rolling out. If we put that same chip and antenna in the cell phone, the phone becomes an electronic payment device. It’s already being done in Japan. It’s being discussed in the U.S. and Europe.

Q: What’s the holdup in the U.S.?

A: There are two main barriers to adoption. One is working out the business model between the credit card issuer, the telecom operator and the handset maker. The second is deciding who owns the customer when there’s a service issue on a payment application. Is it the telecom operator who owns the wireless network? Or is it the credit card company?

Um, excuse me... "who OWNS the customer"??? Oh, that's right, she's on the Federal Reserve Board. I forgot, silly me! Masters of the universe and all.
What was I thinking?

Smartcard (video 15 min)

Smartcard is a story about a man who realizes that his perfect automated life is not in his control, but the corporation that created the system. After the discovery, does he have the will left to escape?





Perhaps identity alone will not be the theft of the future, but body parts for the identity?

Creepy, really, really creepy...

SKYNET is HERE: Killer Robot Army In Use

Robots To Patrol Super Bowl - Should We Worry?

It is widely known now that Pentagon has already deployed SWORD robot warriors to slaughter more Iraqis, but now with the increasing bad PR going around about a scary robotized society, the military industrial complex (Northrop Grumman Corp. is a key player) is sending out some friendly robots to let the people know that robots can look after your kids during the football game, and not just mow people down with their laser-precision machine guns.

The MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

Northrop Grumman Corp's Remotec TAGS "Tactical Autonomous Ground System") Looks pretty friendly eh?

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Robots ready for Super Bowl kickoff

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Washington Technology
By Alice Lipowicz
02/01/08


http://www.washingtontechnology.com/online/1_1/32185-1.html

Arizona law enforcement agencies will use robots to help maintain security at the Super Bowl to be held Feb. 3 at the University of Phoenix Stadium.

Northrop Grumman Corp. will provide support and repair services for the robots, produced by its Remotec Inc. division.

The robots will assist officers on patrol in a two-square-mile security zone around the stadium. They will assist the Phoenix and Glendale, Ariz. Police departments as well as other federal, state and local agencies at the game.

"We're here to support the event and hopefully go unnoticed by fans. Our job isn't to be a disruption but to keep danger at a distance," said Mack Barber, president of Remotec, an operating unit of Northrop Grumman's Mission Systems sector.

The robots are about 3 feet high and move on wheels. Some will be in the public view and possibly patrolling with officers, and some will be in enclosed areas and only brought out if they are needed, said Northrop Grumman spokesman George Seffers.

Northrop Grumman builds robots for handling hazardous materials and other risky jobs. The robots typically help fire and police departments with explosive disposal units and hazardous material cleanup.

Northrop Grumman of Los Angeles ranks No. 3 on Washington Technology's 2007 Top 100 list of the largest federal government prime contractors.

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) = THE REAL LIFE SKYNET!

THEY ARE HERE!

DARPA's robotic hand

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Gallery: Inside the Navy's Armed Killer Robot Labs

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Wired.com
By Dave Bullock
01.31.08 | 3:40 PM

SAN DIEGO -- The Navy's MDARS-E is an armed robot that can track anything that moves. Told that I was the target, the unmanned vehicle trained its guns on me and ordered, "Stay where you are," in an intimidating robot voice. And yes, it was frightening.

Perched atop a strip of cliffs lining a beautiful section of the Pacific Ocean, the Space and Naval Warfare System Command in San Diego develops semiautonomous armed robots for use in combat by the U.S. military. "We're not building Skynet" says Bart Everett, the technical director for robotics at SPAWAR. Though Everett assured me that the use of the robots' on-board weapons is under the strict control of their operators, the lab's bots can navigate and map complicated terrain, work cooperatively with soldiers and identify and confront hostile targets. Sure, they're no Johnny Five, but robots with guns are both creepy and fascinating.

Want To Submit A Wacky Crazy Killer Robot Idea To DARPA ? Click!

The MDARS-E (Mobile Detection Assessment and Response System - Exterior) robot is an armed, unmanned vehicle that can navigate complicated environments autonomously. Decked out with a wide array of high-tech sensors and controlled by a sophisticated software system, the MDARS-E gives the recent Darpa (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) challenge participants a run for their money. More information about this vehicle follows on the next page.

The MDARS-E is intended to drive around urban and rural environments looking for bad guys. As it's cruising, it reports its findings in real time to a guard station. Once the guard identifies an entity as an intruder, the MDARS-E trains its guns on the target and, in an ominous robotic voice, warns him to stay put. If given the command, the robot will first fire a warning shot at the target's feet, and then, if ignored, it will shoot the target.

The vehicle model that SPAWAR demonstrated for us was outfitted with nonlethal weapons. These pneumatic robotic guns (top left and top right) fire munitions that are like paint balls with fins to increase distance and accuracy. Some of these pellets can mark targets or release pepper spray on contact.

The MDARS-E uses a stereoscopic robotic camera system for navigation (bottom left) as well as cameras mounted on the weapons for targeting. A LADAR system (bottom right) uses 24 beams to build an image of the surrounding terrain.

ROBART III is a prototype platform designed in-house at SPAWAR. If it weren't for the chain gun and missiles, he would be pretty cute. Once he's ready for battle he'll almost certainly don an evil-looking suit of armor. ROBART's sensor array consists of a multitude of cameras, SICK LIDAR (like radar, but with lasers), ultrasonic transducers (gold spots), passive IR (infrared radiation) detectors and more. The weapons are planned to work in unison with a special rifle that would automatically target where a soldier points his weapon.

One of ROBART III's weapon systems is this nonlethal pneumatic chain gun. It uses a combination of laser sighting and machine vision to lock in on its target and barrages it with a torrent of 3/16-inch-diameter projectiles. In tests, plastic pellets (like air-soft munitions) and steel darts were used.

This prototype robotic weapon platform is designed to be buried underground for camouflaged deployment. When called to action, the robotic gun pops up and starts shooting. If you're the unlucky soul on the business end of this gun, it's likely curtains for you -- this robot is an extremely accurate shooter. A high-tech night-vision scope (bottom right) permits dead-on targeting even during moonless nights.

The FIRRE may look deadly and efficient, but it has a serious design flaw. Though the tank treads allow it to cross nearly any obstacle, the lack of suspension slowly destroys any type of robotic weapon system that is mounted to it. SPAWAR tried, unsuccessfully, to lessen the rough ride by mounting the robo-gun with shock-absorbing cabling. The FIRRE platform is no longer being considered for battlefield deployment.

The robots in service in Iraq and Afghanistan often see as much dangerous action as their human counterparts. Frequently in the process of disarming IEDs, they end up getting blown apart and saving many lives in the process. These $100,000 robots aren't just tossed in the trash -- many of them are sent back to SPAWAR for repair.

At left, Fire Controlman 2nd Class Mendel Baker tests a communication module for a robot damaged in theater. Normally one working robot can be reassembled using parts salvaged from three broken bots.

..://www.wired.com/images/slideshow/2008/01/spawar/08_wireless_chain.jpg">

Most of the current generation robots in service in Iraq are controlled wirelessly. To extend the range control, SPAWAR researchers developed a self-deploying wireless repeater payload. The robot shoots these spring-loaded repeater modules out their tail ends and they pop open to reveal an elevated antenna (right). The researchers are currently working on a smaller and more rugged version of this system.

This robotic boat navigates autonomously using a combination of nautical maps, radar, LADAR and cameras. The USV (Unmanned Surface Vehicle) is SPAWAR's latest project designed to fill a variety of nautical robotic needs. The sensor array (top) is an impressive addition to the relatively stock Seadoo boat platform (bottom left). The USV uses a complex software suite, which a group of researchers are fine-tuning (bottom right).

This little robot is outfitted with a LIDAR (light detection and ranging) scanner as well as a set of stereo cameras that allow it to autonomously navigate through confined spaces and make maps of its progress (below). The robot can also be given a command to follow a soldier through a building, which it will happily obey. The black boxes on the map represent doors detected by the LIDAR.

This four-wheeled unmanned vehicle (left) is a mobile launching and refueling station for the aerial robot (gray) resting on top of it. The vehicle can take off, land on the platform and refuel without any human intervention. A complex fire-control system (top right) is required to handle the volatile fuel that powers the aerial robot. The ground vehicle can take a variety of payloads, including a robotic weapon mount (bottom right).

This poster hangs in the SPAWAR offices and gives perspective on the exponential leaps forward in robot autonomy over a relatively short amount of time. View the Evolving Paradigms of Human-Robot Interaction poster (pdf).

Few people realize that military robots and humans have been interacting since World War II when the Germans used remote controlled tanks in battle (while staying within eyesight of the vehicle). These were teleoperated vehicles, just like those used in Iraq and Afghanistan today.

In the SPAWAR laboratory, human-robot interaction has come a long way, especially in the last three years, as robots have gone from mapping an area by themselves (full autonomy), to mapping and then leading a human through an area (semiproximal autonomy), to working fully with a human partner (proximal autonomy). You've come a long way, robo-baby.

Photo: Dave Bullock/Wired

SWORD robots already deployed to kill Iraqis - an experiment before US citizens see them patrolling their streets!

Adam Gettings, self-taught engineer and co-founder of Robotex, with the model MH robot armed with gas-powered AA-12 full automatic shotgun


Robot Killers Can Replace Real Soldiers

After seeing the demonstration below, imagine the day when they deploy these Robotex killers roaming the streets during Martial Law and mow us down with deadly gas-powered AA-12 super shotguns?

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Robotex killer robot CGI Demo

THIS IS JAMES CAMERON'S NIGHTMARE - SKYNET! SO IS DARPA!

AUTOMATION OF COMBAT SYSTEMS WITH KILLER ROBOTICS!

THIS WILL BE THE BIGGEST THREAT TO HUMAN KIND IN A POST NUCLEAR HOLOCAUST!

US Army Future Combat Systems FCS Official Site

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Defense Focus: FCS follies

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Are the cyber-pigeons coming home to roost?

Washington (UPI)
by Martin Sieff
Jan 28, 2007

For the past 2-1/2 years, we have been reporting in these columns about the growing problems generating by former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld's visionary Future Combat Systems program to make the U.S. armed forces unbeatable in the 21st century.

FCS had the ambitious vision of integrating the firepower of combat forces of the U.S. Army through a wireless network in real time. It offered the prospect of field commanders video conferencing with front-line officers in tanks on the battlefield. It offered the vision of minimizing combat casualties by sending in large numbers of robots to defuse mines and open ways through battlefields.

The program was one of the most costly in the history of the U.S. Army. The Washington Post Friday said its estimated cost was $200 billion. As we have previously reported in these columns, some estimates from the Congressional Budget Office and the Government Accountability Office have already gone 50 percent higher than that. And even those estimates assumed that the basic concepts of the program were sound and that it would work as projected.

In fact, as the Post reported Friday, the number of lines of software code required by the project has more than doubled in only the past five years. The Army originally reckoned it needed 33.7 million lines of code. Now it reckons it needs 63.8 million. The paper also cited Dennis Muilenberg, Boeing's project manager on the FCS, as maintaining that the original estimate was 55 million lines of software, not 33 million.

No one doubts that interconnectivity and rapid response is vital on the battle field. No one doubts the U.S. armed forces have enjoyed a decisive global superiority in applying these key technologies over the past quarter century. And no one with any sense doubts that it should be a top priority goal to seek to retain that advantage through the coming decades.

But as we have warned in these columns before, the FCS from the very beginning appeared doomed to failure: It sought to replace the flexibility easily available in modern off-the-shelf communications technology with enormously ambitious and rigid integrated goals that swallowed up limitless resources.

Yet, as we reported 2-1/2 years ago, three-star Army generals were cautiously warning back in August 2005 that the very concept of the FCS leaves it dangerously vulnerable to cyber-attack -- a form of asymmetrical warfare that China in particular has given top priority to, and that is also being developed energetically by Russia and India.

These concerns have since become more widespread. The Post report cited a warning from the Defense Science Board, which advises the Office of the Secretary of Defense, as saying last year, "Malicious code is a key concern of the FCS program (and it) lacks confidence in current tools for detecting malicious code."

In other words, the key strategic conception for continuing U.S. battlefield superiority for at least 20 years to come depends on an integrated software system that is still being developed, and that is certain to be vulnerable to hostile cyber-attacks even when it is finally completed.

But that is only the first of the strategic and conceptual problems that the FCS mega-project faces. There are even more fundamental ones.

Donald Rumsfeld's dream: FCS Future Combat System



TASER BOTS



Robot Exoskeleton

VIDEO: Short example of NWO mind control

A review of Day Care Deception. By Brian Robertson.

Encounter Books, 2003.

We are currently witnessing a grand social experiment, the results of which are not fully in as yet. But the data that is coming in is not good. We are allowing an entire generation of babies and young children to be raised by strangers. While adults might benefit from such arrangements, the well-being of children is being put at risk.

That is the sobering conclusion of a new volume by a research fellow at the Washington-based Family Research Council. With extensive documentation Robertson demonstrates how extended periods of day care are harming our children.

Robertson shows how feminist ideology, coupled with a sympathetic media and a cowardly academy, have managed to convince many that parenting is too important to be left to mere parents, that bureaucrats know better than mum and dad, and that day care centers are in fact good for children.

All three of these emphases are incorrect. But the growth of the day care industry is hard to counter. In the US, federal subsidies to the child care market rocketed from $2 billion in 1965 to $15 billion in 2000. And as more and more mothers enter the paid work force (most because of economic necessity, not personal preference) the day care juggernaut races onwards.

These social trends have resulted in a devaluing of motherhood, a weakening of the family unit, and most importantly, negative outcomes for our children. The harmful effects of extended periods of day care include higher rates of illness, greater chance of sexual abuse, higher rates of aggression, and greater risk of antisocial personality disorders.

The emotional, psychological and physical harm to children who spend lengthy amounts of time in day care has been well documented for some decades now. Yet the social science evidence is often attacked, covered up or ignored. Those who try to present the evidence are personally abused and vilified. It is just not politically correct to tell the truth on this issue.

The story of researcher Jay Belsky is a case in point. As an early proponent of day care, he was the darling of feminists and academia. But his research caused him to have a change of heart, and when he started to publish data showing negative consequences, he was furiously opposed.

Although he sought to be as cautious and restrained as possible, the child care establishment and its supporters distorted his findings and blackballed his research. He quickly became persona non grata in the eyes of many. Robertson carefully chronicles this and similar episodes in the day care wars.

Robertson reviews the studies which show how early day care harms the mother-infant bond which is so important in a child's development. Of course defenders of day care put a different spin on the findings. Children in day care are not more aggressive, simply more "independent". And they even try to say that if such aggression exists, it is a virtue, not a vice.

Moreover, they argue that children do better socially and educationally when in day care. But the solid research on these matters points in the other direction. Robertson cites many studies showing how children are disadvantaged on the academic and social levels, when kept in day care.

He also notes that when a study does come out which suggests that children do well, even better, in day care, it is always front page news. But when the more numerous and reliable studies come along, warning of the negative consequences, they are buried in the back pages of the press, if they appear at all.

Robertson competently takes on a number of myths about day care. For example, he challenges the myth that the poor need, and want, day care. He documents how in the US, the families most likely to use center-based day care are those earning $75,000 a year. Surveys show that the vast majority of low-income mums prefer to have their children stay at home in their early years. He even demonstrates that mums who want to put their children into day care are "atypical".

The fact that so many parents do resort to day care is evidence of economic policies that make it very hard on single-income families. Instead of putting more money into day care, we should be restructuring our economic policies so that those families who choose to let their infants stay at home in the early years can do so.

But much of the modern corporate world is in league with feminist ideology here. Both identify women's interests with "independence from husbands and family, and a corresponding greater dependence on corporation and government". Earlier feminists recognised the importance of the home and of motherhood. Modern feminists do not, and much of the free market is happy to side with the new version of things.

Thus Robertson calls for an overhaul of both government and corporate practices, to reflect the desire of most mothers to be at home with their babies. His concluding chapter offers suggestions on how parents can reclaim parenting. Social and taxation policies must be reworked to allow for genuine parental choice. Those parents who wish to look after their own children should be given the financial incentives to do so.

This book provides the data and rationale for why we need to rethink our priorities and revamp of policies. Bureaucrats and others will not like it, but most parents will welcome it. Let the debate continue.

Original article
------------------ Ma's commentary ----------------
The reviewer is right - the economic and social policies in the industrialized world are set up specifically to estrange the children from their parents, by creating a situation in which mothers MUST work. And, accordingly children are raised by strangers who may be kind-hearted and do well with children, but alas, they are not family, nor are they friends. This is part of the agenda (see Agenda 21) of the globalists to wean us all of family loyalty.

Which makes me think they got all this from the Ministry of Truth (1984 anyone?)... it is in lockstep!

I encourage every person who is able to work from home, be as self-sufficient as possible (we all know that is limited by design), and to home-school your children. This will ensure that they are not indoctrinated, abused and will be taught the morals that you ascribe to. YOU are the best parent, YOU are the best teacher, after all, God gave them to YOU, right???

Ma

It's Our Turn, Our Time

It's Our Turn, Our Time

By Joan M. Veon
The Women's International Media Group, Inc
2-3-7

Most people don't think of themselves as "living history," but we all are. While there are those in the headlines who are "making history," we are living history. It is our turn, our time. How will we impact society? How will we impact our families? How will we impact our neighbors, towns, and cities? The choices we make to be engaged or not to be engaged will determine our answer.

As a student of history, I have read about: Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, the patriarchs of the Old Testament; King Nebuchadnezzar who expanded his empire by invading Judah and carrying the children of Israel to Babylon; the Egyptian, Greek, and Roman Empires; King Richard the Lionhearted and the Crusaders; the stand of Martin Luther against certain practices of the Roman Catholic Church; the change in a country's banking system from one controlled by government to one controlled by private corporations known as central banks; the history of America and the fight by colonists for freedom from the hold of the British king; the rise of a group of men who met in secret to create a movement to bring the world into world government; the exploits of Napoleon who wanted to be crowned emperor of Europe; the rise of communism and Fabian socialism in the 18th Century; the Opium War in China which was begun by the British so they could control world drug trafficking; the Boer War in South Africa fought against honest people by the British and Cecil John Rhodes to take their property which contained the richest diamond fields in the world; the fall of the Czar of Russia as his country became the first communist ruled government in the world; the rule of President Franklin Roosevelt who confiscated gold from the common man and who worked tirelessly to put in place the foundation for a world governmental system; and World War II.

As baby boomers, we are no longer able to read about history for it is now our turn, our time. While the above constitutes a "first time in history" list, there are as many astounding things that have happened in the last 65 years that are also for the "first time in history".

In 1944, for the first time in modern history the finance ministers of the world met in New Hampshire to set in place a new international structure for how the monetary system of the world should be set up. At that meeting, the International Monetary Fund and World Bank were put in place. While the U.S. Senate refused to ratify a type of world trade association, tearing down the trade barriers between countries would have to wait until 1994 when the 27,000 page plus General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs was passed by a lame duck congress. A year later in 1945, a world governmental organization by the name of the United Nations was set up. Not since the Roman Empire during the time of Christ has the world seen a "global parliament." That same year, another global organization was set in place, the United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization-UNESCO, its goal is to change how people think.

In 1998, the International Criminal Court was birthed. For the first time since the Roman Empire, there is now an international court to try those who have committed a number of international crimes. This body has the power to transcend sovereign country borders in order to search, seize, and arrest the alleged criminal. In 1999, we were part of a global propaganda ploy called "Y2K." While we were told computers would shut down, that is not what it was all about. The whole purpose was to connect the world electronically in time for the third millennium. As a result of the Attack on the World Trade Centers, the remaining and most sensitive barriers between the countries of the world fell: the military and intelligence barriers. The result is that today we live in an "interdependent and integrated" world. President John Kennedy in 1962 called for a "Declaration of Interdependence." Every president since then has referred to some type of integrated world or new world order.

For the first time since Rome, the world is interconnected. There are no more barriers between the nation-states. As each international institution was set in place, the barriers between the nation-states vanished: economic, political, educational, trade, legal, communications, intelligence and military.

In our lifetime, we had the birth of television which at first was a blessing, but 55 years later has lulled to sleep a populace that once was vigilant. Furthermore, we have a citizenry who would rather depend on the nightly news for truth rather than searching it out.

While there have always been the international traders throughout history as civilizations evolved, today we have the powerful transnational corporation which owes allegiance to no country. These corporations have evolved in power and position since the 1950s and are powered by individual and institutional investors in the form of mutual funds, foundations, pension and profit-sharing plans, and 401K's.

For the first time in history, we are seeing the rise of a global stock exchange with the merging of the New York Stock Exchange with the Euronext and the potential merger of the Nasdaq with the London Stock Exchange! Because there are no more barriers between the nation-states, not only do the corporations run wild, but it is now possible for those with large amounts of money to skim off the top of the world's markets. Every time the market drops 100 or 500 points, it is quite possible that those who control the market, are making a gigantic killing worldwide.

For the first time in history, during the late 1990s key governments moved to put in place an international economic architecture to accommodate an economically integrated world. Part of this new infrastructure was to repeal key post-Depression laws to protect the average investor.

For the first time in history we are seeing the rise of a world governmental system through the United Nations. In the past 61 years, more international law has been set in place than in 1625 when international law first became a study. Every time the UN General Assembly passes a resolution, international law is made. The UN ambassadors then go back to their countries and pass national laws to conform to international law.

We have seen in our time, the demise of the role of the citizen as President Clinton put in place a structure to build on the foundation set up by President Ronald Reagan that would foster the role of business in the affairs of government with his "Re-inventing America". Citizens are no longer citizens but CUSTOMERS! At every turn today, government assets are being sold off at every level: prisons to private corporations, toll roads to private corporations, various military functions go to the most interested bidder. Although we are told government is getting smaller, the contracted out services still paid for with tax-payer dollars are rising, thus making the overall government much bigger! With every public-private partnership set up, the structure and purpose of government is changing from the "traditional structure" that we grew up with. We are told the reason for it is the level of governmental debt. How could it be that the greatest country in the world is bankrupt and indebted to the Saudi Arabians, the Chinese and the Japanese? Something is very wrong with this picture.

For the first time in history, we are seeing capitalism take over the world. Geo-political expert Terry Hayfield tells me that the only way to true communism is through capitalism. This 21st Century capitalism is not only through public-private partnership and privatization-which was orchestrated by the World Bank, the United Nations, and the Prince of Wales International Business Leaders Forum, but as a result of the system itself.

Capitalism is an "ism" like socialism, fascism, and communism. As such, it needs a constant stream of new products, new customers, and new markets. In other words, capitalism is like yeast and it is exploding. While capitalism has a lot of positives, it also has a lot of negatives. People are expendable. You don't meet quota, you are gone. It is ruthless for whichever company gets the contract is the company that stays ahead of the dragon that is chasing it. Government is now feeding the insatiable hunger of capitalism by selling off its prized possessions. While legislators are enthralled at the money they will get for the sale of the asset, once it is gone, it is gone! Government is for sale and the corporation is there to buy it up. Just ask the World Bank and IMF, just as the European Union-if any country wants in, they have to privatize and sell off government assets. I remember talking to a former Comecon official several years ago who did not understand why his country had to sell off their state assets! I wonder if he has figured out the massive thievery that is going on all in the name of joining the EU or in coming into compliance with strong-armed World Bank policies?

For the first time in our history and since the ancient traders determined what was an acceptable tangible medium to trade in such as gold, silver, jewels, animals and expensive clothing, the American monetary system was stripped of its gold backing. First in 1933 with President Roosevelt when he outlawed gold being owned by the general citizenry and then in 1973 when Nixon closed the "Gold Window" and refused to convert American gold-certificates held by foreign governments to gold. For the first time in history, all of the currencies of the countries of the world "float" against one another. This system allows the rich and powerful to bring countries which are not compliant into obedience. Never before in history was there a way to bring a country to its knees in a split-second that did not take an invasion of men and soldiers. Now any central bank or a group of central banks or powerful international bankers can teach a country a lesson by selling its currency. It is interesting to note that one of the reasons why Napoleon lost his foothold in Europe was that he was using gold while the Rothschild's were using debt.

For the first time in history, foreign countries are selling American dollars. They do not want our currency! The Chinese have too much, the Japanese have too much, and so does everyone else. Under a policy devised by former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, countries want to buy oil in currencies other than the dollar. The Euro, a five year old currency, has just overtaken the dollar in worldwide usage! The inflation that will ensue as the dollar becomes worthless is a real concern. In 1974 one dollar bought 3.65 Deutsche marks. Today it buys .70 euros, a loss of 2.95 or 80.8% of its former purchasing power. In 1974, one dollar purchased 3.55 Japanese yen. Today, we would be fortunate to get 1.20 yen, a drop of 2.35 yen or 66%.

For the first time in history, we have the various continents of the world being divided up into "free trade zones." While we are all familiar with the European Union, America, Canada and Mexico are now part of the NAFTA portion of "The Americas." We the people have been left out of the legislative process and as if under wraps from us, our government has passed five major transportation bills to tie these three countries together by a new 21st century transportation infrastructure comprised of smart roads, high speed rail networks, and new "trading" routes.

This first step of joining three countries will be augmented by the other 30 countries in this hemisphere through the Free Trade Areas of the Americas. This has been done without the knowledge or approval of the majority of Americans. For the first time in our history, Americans have lost their power of representation. Unfortunately, we are not fighting a foreign king but our own political system. For the first time in our history, it is not a matter of Republican or Democrat but nationalist versus globalist. In a world without any barriers between the nation-state, national sovereignty is a thing of the past.

For the first time in history, in 1992 the United Nations changed how the world was ordered. They went from a Biblical based concept of man having dominance over the environment to a pagan one in which the environment has dominance over man. Sustainable development is dictating how the world is to be ordered. Throughout most of the United States, zoning laws called "Smart Growth" have been passed. This legislation dictates that the state in the future will only provide infrastructure for specified growth areas and that it will not support non-growth areas. As a result of this overcrowding in specified growth areas, traffic congestion has been exacerbated and property values have jumped substantially. This is a blessing for those who own and a curse for those who do not.

For the first time in history, a powerful group of insiders have found a way to control or take control o f the assets of the world through sustainable development and its agenda. At every turn, the cost to "protect the environment" will levy many different types of increased costs for all Americans in order to put environmental rules and regulations in place. There is a move to convert most of the roads across America to toll roads where travelers can pay a toll for the usage of the road. Furthermore, with electrical de-regulation, "smart" meters are being installed in homes which will allow the homeowner to pay market prices for energy, be it electrical or gas. As well, smart water meters are also being installed so that we will pay market prices for water usage. In other words, the old idea of the electrical company buying electricity in bulk and passing on savings to the consumer is out the window in favor of each of us buying electricity as we use it at market rates.

As a result of the GATT/WTO, for the first time in history, our manufacturing base has been shipped to China to take advantage of slave labor. As a result, at every turn, America is being stripped of the ability to maintain its ability to provide for itself. According to Thom Hartmann of Air America Radio, currently foreign ownership for the following industries in America is more than 50%: sound recording industries; commodity contracts dealing and brokerage; motion picture and sound recording industries; metal ore mining; motion picture and video industries; wineries and distilleries; database, directory, and other publishers; book publishers; cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products; engine, turbine and power transmission equipment; rubber products; non-metallic mineral product manufacturing; plastics and rubber products manufacturing; plastics product; other insurance related activities; and boiler, tank, and shipping container.

So how do we live since it is our turn, our time? We are not talking about living through the Communist revolution in Russia or in China, we are talking about how Americans live in a world governmental system that has already put on the backs of each of us legal, regulatory, and financial burdens. How do we live once we understand we ARE in world government and that our government is a proponent of this new world order? Where do we go since there are no new colonies to find on this planet?

Perhaps we need to remember that Jesus and the early church were birthed in the middle of world government. Jesus came to save us not only from our sin, but to provide for us a new way of living so that the cares of this world would not overcome us. I believe that the only way we can operate, given the reality of world government, is to stay close to God, invite Jesus to our life by asking forgiveness of our sins, and then asking Him to lead and guide us through the power of the Holy Spirit.

The God who cannot change (Malachi 3:16) and who does not lie (Titus 1:2), has cut Covenant with you and me. We should not be walking around in depression over the affairs of the world, when Luke 10:19 says, "Behold, I have given you power to tread on serpents and scorpions and all the works of the evil one and they shall not harm you." I John 4:17 says, "For as He is, so are we in this world." I think we are so busy looking at the worldly power and might of Satan's minions on earth, that we have forgotten whose we are and the power of the God who created Heaven and Earth-He gave us POWER to tread on serpents and scorpions. We need to have a change of mind if we are going to be God-carriers in the earth.

Our words-they have life and they have meaning. Jesus Christ said in John 6:33: "The words that I speak, they are power and they are life." Proverbs 18:21 says "Death and life are in the tongue." Therefore, we need to speak words of LIFE that will provide us the strength to live and endure an oppressive world governmental system. When you put the power of Jesus in your mind and spirit, you will see demons of oppression fee as the power of darkness is pushed back. Instead of thinking that we need to survive in world government alone, let us bring the God who created heave and earth into our thinking and into our daily lives. The God who knows all, who sits on the edge of the earth watching man, knew that we were going to be born at this time in history. He knows it is our turn, our time to effect history and society for Him.

For Whom The Bells Toll

For Whom The Bells Toll

Jim Kirwan
2-4-7

It's SUPERBOWL Sunday, yet for Americans there will be no 'overtime-saving of the home team.'

The Bells-of History are also tolling, and the whistle is about to be blown on a game that too many don't even know is being played. While we've been sleep-walking through what is going into its fifth year: most Americans are still being sucker-punched, lied to, and spit upon and all at the same time! Welcome to the Wonderful World of the International Bankers, and to their New World Order, where only they can profit. Let's peek at the matrix of how this has worked for them, while it's been steadily killing so many of us.

When we went to war it was about continuing a policy that was set out for us, long before 2000. The policy was ambitious. It sought to lay siege to the United States, to slash our ability to earn from "the living" that many tried to continue with; while our values were further eroded along with those "opportunities" that 'America' had once been so famous for. That portion of the policy has succeeded beyond anyone's wildest expectations. The herd that is the public has remained a docile flock, with no sign yet that any rams will appear to alter the direction or the intensity of the herd. Some of the details are . . .

War-Profiteering has skyrocketed. The secret contracts for weapons systems and equipment appears to constitute artificially inflated prices that are devouring the budgets, giving massive unearned profits to the manufacturers, while leaving the troops without even the basics. This combined with non-leadership at every level is not only FAILING to support-the-troops: but is actually leaving the troops as sitting ducks in a war-zone that has no front lines, and that knows no rules of engagement! How does this callous disregard for the facts-on-the-ground not constitute a dereliction of duty in a time of war by the Commander-in-Chief himself?

This from the San Francisco Chronicle today: "Not only did the deployment last much longer than the military leaders had expected, but the cost of equipment and training has also skyrocketed. As the conflict continued, the cost of basic equipment ­ helmets, rifles and body armor ­ more than tripled, from $7,000 in 1999 to $25,000 last year, the Wall Street Journal reported in December. The cost of a humvee, once unarmored, has grown seven-fold, to about $225,000 from $32,000 in 2001. As a result of rising costs, the purchases of basic equipment lagged."

"A typical soldier shows up in Iraq without the knowledge of the language, without the knowledge of the people," said Loren Thompson, defense analyst at the Lexington Institute, a centrist think tank in Arlington, Va. "If he also isn't experienced with his unit or with his weapon, that maximizes the potential for disaster."

A survey conducted by the Defense Department Inspector General's Office last spring found that U.S. troops in Iraq and Afghanistan lack sufficient armored vehicles, heavy weapons such as artillery or large machine guns, devices designed to jam signals used to detonate roadside bombs, and communications equipment. As a result, they are sometimes forced to put off operations while they wait for equipment, according to the classified report, a summary of which the Defense Department made public on Tuesday.

"They don't have enough humvees, they don't have enough (armored) trucks," Ortiz, who chairs the Readiness Subcommittee at the House Armed Services Committee, told The Chronicle. "It's getting to the point when they have to share the equipment."

For example, the flat bottoms of the humvees do not deflect the blasts from roadside bombs and instead direct them into the trucks in a way that maximizes the potential damage from the blast to the troops inside. The military is planning to buy thousands of new armored mine-protected vehicles, known as cougars and buffaloes, whose V-shaped hulls deflect blasts from beneath. Lt. Gen. Stephen Speakes, the Army's top supply officer, told the Baltimore Sun that military commanders in Iraq have asked for at least 6,465 such vehicles. But these vehicles would not reach Iraq until March 2008, military officials told the House Armed Services Committee last month." (1)

The Dictator stopped talking about "a civil war" about the same time that he told congress he was "open to debate about the war" ­ now going into its fifth year. Pelosi, speaking on cue, offered her lines of superfluous co-operation, rather than challenging the failed Commander-in-Chief for his dereliction of duties, or for the waste of hundreds of thousands of lives without any justification. Pelosi's words about the 'Spirit of Bi- partisanship' is not only false, it's the wrong approach ­ AGAIN!

The public knows that there is no opposition party in this congress, therefore the "bipartisanship" she speaks of aligns her with the Dictator and his failures, rather than offering any real way out of the morass which the congress and the Dictator have created for the nation. Add to this the privatizing of this government that is now in full swing. This from the New York Times ­ yesterday:

"In June, short of people to process cases of incompetence and fraud by federal contractors, officials at the General Services Administration responded with what has become the government's reflexive answer to almost every problem. They hired another contractor.

It did not matter that the company they chose, CACI International, had itself recently avoided a suspension from federal contracting; or that the work, delving into investigative files on other contractors, appeared to pose a conflict of interest; or that each person supplied by the company would cost taxpayers $104 an hour. Six CACI workers soon joined hundreds of other private-sector workers at the G.S.A., the government's management agency.

Without a public debate or formal policy decision, contractors have become a virtual fourth branch of government." (2)

The above are some of the smaller points which the Matrix of power- politics has recently intensified. But to grasp what's going on behind the scenes-we must understand the motives of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), combined with the twelve independently and foreign-owned member banks one of which is the Federal Reserve ­ which is not a federal government institution but is privately owned: This goes back to 1913 and the Night-before-Christmas theft of the power to print our own money. It's an ugly story, but it's what has brought us to what is only the beginning of a never- ending war, that will end this nation and murder this Republic, once and for all. (3)

And finally - There was a recent Revolution in the USA and that Revolution was televised. On December 12, 2000 ­ the US government held its own coup and the public bought it ­ because there was no public outcry over the stolen election or the appointment of George W. Bush by the Supreme Court. The congress, wishing not-to-get- involved decided that they didn't need to act: So the Supreme Court got away TREASON and Congress became part of that crime and yet we have continued from that day to this as if that coup never happened!

Still - Every single thing that has happened from that day to this HAS BEEN ILLEAGAL (sic) - maybe that's why no-one particularly cares about how illegal anything is anymore? Hence the government's continuing series of CRIMES against all of us. It's more than clear that we've all been had-BIGTIME! What is less clear is how much the public is willing to do to end this farce! How many more people will be slaughtered so that the public can watch the SUPERBOWL untroubled by the sounds of that doomsday clock that moves inexorably on; to that moment-not-yet-announced: when it all comes crashing down on the innocent and the guilty with equal vengeance!

kirwanstudios@sbcglobal.net

1) Corners Cut in Rush to Add Troops

http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/02/04/ MNG9ONUKVT1.DTL

2) In Washington, Contractors take on the biggest role ever

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/04/washington/04contract.html? th=&emc=th&pagewanted=print

3) Aaron Russo:

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3218585954111617501&hl=en?

1954 8th Grade Civics Test - Could You Pass?

1954 8th Grade Civics Test - Could You Pass?

2-1-7

What more proof do we need that our children are being deliberately dumbed down than this standard 1954 civics test on the U.S. Constitution on which Kenny Hignite received a 98 1/2, Excellent, indeed!

Source http://www.americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf
&ph oto=/pdfimages/Constitution_Test-Kenny_Hignite-8th Grade_
101Qs-1954-Ca-6pg-Edu.pdf&id=111

Comment

Kieth Norman
2-4-7

This priceless and invaluable educational article is a quiet (yet explosive) guardian as to the personal manner (a stark reminder), how criminality with stealth avoids detection by creeping carefully with its invisibility upon the freedoms and rights that have eroded in just 52 years. Perhaps we DO need another blood-letting war so as to appreciate and cherish that which follows the carnage of death and destruction.

What is it about "men" where invention and creativity (power by default) always appear to result in aggressive and calculated hostile behaviour?

Capitalism is the rush ('surge') to what was at one time a democratic Market Place, while its velocity and acceleration is more expectant than the 120 days of work that the GOPs and the DEMs can muster. So, what is the survival opportunity of the Constitution?

The US Constitution is not unlike that of a very simple "Project Procedure Plan"..There are continious milestones that will (not can) carry penalties if targets are delayed. When the "Project" is complete, its "constitution" is there in black and white for all to see. If there is neglect and no maintenance carried out when implemented, then the walls will come tumbling down.

It is the maintenance aspect of the US Constitution that needs analysis and constant monitoring. There are people in Government and Business positions that need change as would a junky require a cocaine fix. The only difference is that the junky is just attempting to survive...day-to-day. He has no covert plans and expectations

There is a philosophical system out there somewhere where the group can be the people, totally. IIt has to emanate from individuals that are not polluted with copiousness and grandeur. There have been many over the centuries. "The Founding Fathers" and many since, and many many more prior.....Socrates from Alopece to John Kenneth Galbraith, economist, diplomat and diplomatist (the Canadian bloke). Can we start with Ron Paul, maybe? I don't know for I am a Brit.

Is it probable that Presidents like Vlad Putin, Chavez, Ajad' and maybe 'Morals' Morales have spliced together a "Constitution" of the mind where today's Capitalism cannot exist alongside "Democracy". This is so obvious. The American (US and Can) policies are no longer functional when the "other" parts of the World are suffiently powerful and cognisant to demand change. The Sodom (Hollywood) and Gomorrah (Tel Aviv) days are slowly coming to an end...(hope so, he said ..touching wood).

Today, historical evidence being the Memory Bank of Human Kind, has the solution. It has to be accessed with the right "reading heads" over its platter.

See at foot of page an article on exactly the above dumbing down theme... sent a couple of years ago for your consideration..........Can you answer #4 in the Geography section...:-))

This is what my Dad called the "General" paper. Apparently, there were at the time individual tests on each subject...plus another 6 subjects not listed. Of course, they had a little thing called an Empire at the time. So much work..so little time.

Kieth Norman (Welsh Brit)

Canada

----- Original Message -----

From: minn mordyl
Sent: Saturday, November 27, 2004
Subject: RE: "Dumbing down":..Excellent example for 11 year olds...alas it's 1898 in Britain

This is an excellent example (below) of the continuing saga in the intentional and premeditative "dumbing down" of our children's education. It verifies all that Rense.com and its educated contributors have been thinking, highlighting and illustrating to the readers for at least the past three years.

From that time period (1898 test below) and then the necessary passage of exactly 50 years to when yours truly was 11 years old, I would at that point in time, possibly, would have been able to answer approximately 60% of the questionnaire...that is, losing 40% in those 50 years on the presumption that I would have the questions 100% correct ...50 years earlier.

Namely, losing linearly approximately 0.8% per year. This amounts to the deflection or loss of neuron transmitters ( by TV, Game Boy, new Kennedy "play" game, etc, etc) on the order of 106 years at 0.8% per annum.(calculator please) = 85% (from 1898 to 2004). This indicates that by deductive reasoning, today, our children are running around their schools and neighbourhoods quarrying legal "Tommy Guns" with an intelligence level of an 1898 child that has been confined to an Institution for the 'Mentally Challenged'

Do you get the impression that the last few paragraphs above appear somewhat confusing in its deductibility and rhetoric...even wrong through lack of education?:-))...Maybe it should be added to the below questionnaire.. "Where is the logic in these paragraphs". Assuming they taught Integrated Calculus and the Freudian Transference Theory (if then in existence).. to the 11 year olds..........who knows.

Kieth Norman (Welsh Brit)

Canada

PS - This confirms my suspicions that the Engineers and the Scientists were intellectually far superior at the dawn of the last century.

Article Starts here

Dumbing down: the proof (may have to register)

http://www.spectator.co.uk/article.php?id=5313&issue=2004-11-27

Issue: 27 November 2004

As a service to Spectator readers who still have any doubts about the decline in educational standards, we are printing these exam papers taken by 11-year-olds applying for places to King Edward's School in Birmingham in 1898.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1. Write out in your best handwriting:-

'O Mary, go and call the cattle home,

And call the cattle home,

And call the cattle home,

Across the sands o' Dee.'

The western wind was wild and dank with foam,

And all alone went she.

The western tide crept up along the sand,

And o'er and o'er the sand,

And round and round the sand,

As far as eye could see.

<dt>The rolling mist came down and hid the land -

And never home came she.

2. Parse fully 'And call the cattle home.'

3. Explain the meaning of o' Dee, dank with foam, western tide, round and round the sand, the rolling mist.

4. Write out separately the simple sentences in the last two lines of the above passage and analyse them.

5. Write out what you consider to be the meaning of the above passage.

GEOGRAPHY

1. On the outline map provided, mark the position of Carlisle, Canterbury, Plymouth, Hull, Gloucester, Swansea, Southampton, Worcester, Leeds, Leicester and Norwich; Morecambe Bay, The Wash, Solent, Menai Straits and Lyme Bay; St Bees Head, The Naze, Lizard Point; the rivers Trent and Severn; Whernside, the North Downs, and Plinlimmon; and state on a separate paper what the towns named above are noted for.

2. Where are silver, platinum, tin, wool, wheat, palm oil, furs and cacao got from?

3. Name the conditions upon which the climate of a country depends, and explain the reason of any one of them.

4. Name the British possessions in America with the chief town in each. Which is the most important?

5. Where are Omdurman, Wai-Hei-Wai, Crete, Santiago, and West Key, and what are they noted for?

LATIN

1. Write in columns the nominative singular, genitive plural, gender, and meaning of:- operibus, principe, imperatori, genere, apro, nivem, vires, frondi, muri.

2. Give the comparative of noxius, acer, male, diu; the superlative of piger, humilis, fortiter, multum; the English and genitive sing. of solus, uter, quisque.

3. Write these phrases in a column and put opposite to each its Latin: he will go; he may wish; he had; he had been; he will be heard; and give in a column the English of fore, amatum, regendus, monetor.

4. Give in columns the perfect Indic. and active supine of ago, pono, dono, cedo, jungo, claudo.

Mention one example each of verbs followed by the nominative, the accusative, the genitive, the dative, the ablative.

5. Translate into Latin:-

1. The general's little son was loved by the soldiers.

2. Let no bodies be buried within this city.

3. Ask Tullius who found the lions.

4. He said that the city had been taken, and, the war being finished, the forces would return.

6. Translate into English:-

Exceptus est imperatoris adventus incredibili honore atque amore: tum primum enim veniebat ab illo Aegypti bello. Nihil relinquebatur quod ad ornatum locorum omnium qua iturus erat excogitari posset.

ENGLISH HISTORY

1. What kings of England began to reign in the years 871, 1135, 1216, 1377, 1422, 1509, 1625, 1685, 1727, 1830?

2. Give some account of Egbert, William II, Richard III, Robert Blake, Lord Nelson.

3. State what you know of - Henry II's quarrel with Becket, the taking of Calais by Edward III, the attempt to make Lady Jane Grey queen, the trial of the Seven bishops, the Gordon riots.

4. What important results followed - the raising of the siege of Orleans, the Gunpowder plot, the Scottish rebellion of 1639, the surrender at Yorktown, the battles of Bannockburn, Bosworth, Ethandune, La Hogue, Plassey, and Vittoria?

5. How are the following persons connected with English History,- Harold Hardrada, Saladin, James IV of Scotland, Philip II of Spain, Frederick the Elector Palatine?

ARITHMETIC

1. Multiply 642035 by 24506.

2. Add together £132 4s. 1d., £243 7s. 2d., £303 16s 2d., and £1.030 5s. 3d.; and divide the sum by 17. (Two answers to be given.)

3. Write out Length Measure, and reduce 217204 inches to miles, &c.

4. Find the G.C.M. of 13621 and 159848.

5. Find, by Practice, the cost of 537 things at £5 3s. 71/2d. each.

6. Subtract 37/16 from 51/4; multiply 63/4 by 5/36; divide 43/8 by 11/6; and find the value of 21/4 of 12/3 of 13/5.

7. Five horses and 28 sheep cost £126 14s., and 16 sheep cost £22 8s.; find the total cost of 2 horses and 10 sheep.

8. Subtract 3.25741 from 3.3; multiply 28.436 by 8.245; and divide .86655 by 26.5.

9. Simplify 183/4 - 22/3 ÷ 11/5 - 31/2 x 4/7.

10. Find the square root of 5.185,440,100.

11. Find the cost of papering the walls of a room 16ft long, 13ft 6in. wide, and 9ft high, with paper 11/2ft wide at 2s. 3d. a piece of 12yds in length.

12. A and B rent a number of fields between them for a year, the rent and other expenses amounting to £108 17s. 6d. A puts in 2 horses, 5 oxen and 10 sheep; and B puts in 4 horses, 1 ox, and 27 sheep. If a horse eats as much as 3 sheep and an ox as much as 2 sheep, how much should A and B each pay?

These papers were kindly sent in by Humphrey Stanbury, whose father took the exam, and passed.